The Connection Between Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse

Bipolar disorder and substance abuse often go hand in hand. Many people with bipolar disorder turn to drugs or alcohol to manage symptoms. Unfortunately, substance use can make the condition worse. Some people start abusing substances first and develop bipolar disorder later. Understanding this connection between the two can help individuals and their loved ones seek the proper treatment.

What Is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings. These mood shifts include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). The intensity of these shifts can disrupt daily life, relationships, and responsibilities.

Manic episodes can last days or weeks, causing heightened energy, impulsivity, and poor judgment. During these periods, individuals may feel invincible, leading to risky behaviors, including substance use. 

Depressive episodes can last weeks or months, bringing overwhelming sadness, hopelessness, and exhaustion. These drastic shifts make it difficult to maintain relationships, hold jobs, and complete daily tasks. Without treatment, symptoms can become more severe and more challenging to manage.

Types of Bipolar Disorders

• Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by manic episodes lasting at least seven days or requiring hospitalization. Depressive episodes often follow.
• Bipolar II Disorder: Includes depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than full mania.
• Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia): Involves frequent mood swings but less intense than bipolar I or II.
• Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar Disorders: Symptoms do not fit into the above categories but still cause distress.

What Are the Risk Factors for Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder has no single cause, but several factors increase the risk:

• Genetics: A family history of bipolar disorder raises the chances of developing the condition.
• Brain Structure and Function: Differences in brain chemistry and function may play a role.
• Trauma and Stress: High-stress events and trauma exposure, such as losing a loved one or abuse, can trigger symptoms.
• Substance Use: Drugs and alcohol may worsen or trigger bipolar symptoms.

Common Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Symptoms vary depending on whether a person is experiencing mania or depression.

Manic Symptoms:

• Increased energy and restlessness
• Racing thoughts and rapid speech
• Decreased need for sleep
• Impulsive and risky behaviors
• Grandiose beliefs or inflated self-esteem

Depressive Symptoms:

• Persistent sadness or hopelessness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Fatigue and low energy
• Difficulty concentrating
• Thoughts of death or suicide

What Is the Connection Between Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse?

People with bipolar disorder are more likely to struggle with substance abuse. They may use drugs or alcohol to cope with mood swings. However, substance use can trigger or worsen manic and depressive episodes. It can also make treatment less effective, leading to a cycle of self-medication and worsening symptoms.

Signs of Substance Abuse

Substance abuse signs often include:

• Increased tolerance and needing more of the substance
• Withdrawal symptoms when not using
• Loss of control over drug or alcohol use
• Neglecting responsibilities due to substance use
• Continued use despite negative consequences

Risk Factors for Substance Addictions

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder. These include:

• Genetics: A family history of addiction raises the risk.
• Mental Health Conditions: Anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder increase vulnerability to substance abuse.
• Early Exposure: Experimenting with drugs or alcohol at a young age raises the chance of addiction.
• Environmental Factors: Peer pressure, stress, and trauma can contribute to substance use.
• Chronic Pain or Injury: Prescription pain medication misuse can lead to addiction.

What Came First? Bipolar Disorder or Substance Abuse?

Determining whether bipolar disorder or substance abuse came first can be difficult. Some people develop bipolar disorder and later turn to substances for relief. Others experience substance-induced bipolar disorder after abusing substances. In both cases, dual diagnosis treatment is essential for recovery.

What Are Causes of Co-Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse?

Several factors contribute to co-occurring bipolar disorder and substance abuse:

• Self-Medication: Individuals may use substances to control manic or depressive symptoms.
• Brain Chemistry: Both conditions involve imbalances in brain neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
• Genetic Predisposition: A family history of mental illness or addiction increases the risk.
• Environmental Stressors: Trauma, stress, or relationship issues can contribute to both conditions.

Is There a Connection Between Cocaine and Bipolar Disorder?

Abuse of cocaine and bipolar disorder often coexist, worsening each other’s effects. Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system, increasing energy, confidence, and impulsivity. For someone with bipolar disorder, this can intensify manic episodes, leading to extreme risk-taking and erratic behavior.

During depressive episodes, individuals may use cocaine to escape feelings of sadness or low energy. However, once the drug wears off, depression often deepens. Cocaine withdrawal can mimic bipolar depression, causing fatigue, irritability, and suicidal thoughts. This dangerous cycle makes treatment even more critical for individuals abusing cocaine and bipolar disorder.  

How Is Bipolar Disorder and Addiction Treated?

Treating co-occurring bipolar disorder and addiction requires an integrated approach. Treatment options include:

• Medical Detox: Helps individuals safely withdraw from substances.
• Medication Management: Stabilizes mood and reduces cravings.
• Therapy: Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) address thought patterns and coping skills.
• Support Groups: Peer support helps with long-term recovery.
• Lifestyle Changes: Healthy habits, like regular exercise, mindfulness, and restful sleep, support mental health.

Can Medications Be Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder and Addiction?

Yes, medications can help manage symptoms of bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Common options include:

• Mood Stabilizers: Lithium and anticonvulsants reduce manic and depressive episodes.
• Antidepressants: Used cautiously to prevent triggering mania.
• Antipsychotics: Help with severe mood swings and psychosis.
• Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): Reduces substance cravings and makes it easier to manage withdrawal symptoms.

What Level of Care Is Best for Treating Co-Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Addiction?

The right level of care depends on the severity of symptoms and substance use. Options include:

• Inpatient Treatment: Provides 24/7 medical and psychological support for severe cases.
• Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP): Offers structured treatment while allowing individuals to return home at night.
• Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP): Provides flexible therapy schedules for those who need support but can manage daily responsibilities.
• Outpatient Treatment: Best for individuals with mild symptoms who need ongoing therapy and medication management.
• Sober Living Homes: Offers a structured environment for those transitioning from intensive treatment.

Get Help for Bipolar Disorder and Substance Abuse Today

Struggling with bipolar disorder and substance abuse can feel overwhelming, but help is available to regain control over your life. A comprehensive treatment program using evidence-based and holistic therapies can provide the support needed for lasting recovery. The caring and compassionate team at Flatirons Recovery in Colorado is here to help. We offer personalized treatment plans and programs to fit your unique needs. Contact us today to start the path to a brighter, substance-free future with improved mental well-being.